One of the best papers I've read on cartesian duality was by Vaughan Pratt[1] on Chu spaces. It's a little bit of a slog for those not conversant in foundations, but it does help ground the conversation in terms that are more rigorous.
As an aside, Chu spaces also provide a semantics for linear logic and are useful in understanding concurrency.
You might have a look at section 1.39 in "Categories, Allegories", by Freyd and Scedrov. They introduce a language of diagrams and show how common definitions can be represented this way. Not a particularly easy read.
I believe for many of the same reasons that Lisp was used with great success in the past. OCaml is descended from the ML family of languages and grounded in solid mathematics, like Haskell. In the hands of the right person it's a formidable tool and arguably provides barriers to entry for competitors.
"We aim to be a drop-in replacement with bug-for-bug compatibility."