i was too clever by half and tried to make a NAND gate by combining an AND gate with an inverter. after about 15 minutes i realized that i had it backwards, an AND gate is actually a NAND gate combined with an inverter
macOS doesn't require developers to rebuild apps with each major OS release, as long as they link with system libraries and don't try to (for example) directly make syscalls.
Apple may require rebuilds at some point for their Mac Store (or whatever they call it), but it's not required from a technical perspective.
The one exception here is CPU architecture changes, and even then, Apple has provided seamless emulation/translation layers that they keep around for quite a few years before dropping support.
that's backwards compatibility. forward compatibility is being able to run new apps on an old operating system. the latest version of the SDK builds apps which only run on big sur or newer.
a few years ago the vending machines in my office building started accepting credit and debit cards for an extra fee of $0.35 per transaction. just recently they stopped accepting bills and coins leaving cards as the only option, but are still charging the extra fee.
one difference is that a phase change stores energy at constant temperature, which may be desirable given that heat pump efficiency is inversely proportional to temperature output temperature
battery life span is defined as when the reach 80% of their original capacity. it's possible that the decline will accelerate after that point but they aren't suddenly useless
it takes surprisingly few trucks to keep stores stocked. most of the trucks you see driving around are either delivering packages or hauling bulk cargo that used to go by rail
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